Wednesday, October 9, 2013

A learning disability does not have to be a lifelong struggle... scientific discoveries in neuropsycholgy give new insights applicable to education

Over the years I have witnessed the sadness and despondent reactions of parents when a child is diagnosed as LD. I have also witnessed children with a diagnosis of LD make great strides and gains despite their diagnosis. It is not easy and one has to be fully committed to making use of all the necessary tools and sacrifices to get there, but it is possible. The brain is constantly changing, rewiring. New connection are constantly forming and strengthening while old unused connections die off. A school based out of Toronto has devoted themselves to applying this idea of neural plasticity (an everchanging brain) to the education of learning disable student with tremendous results. Below is an article on a book that has become my current nightly read. I hope to be able to apply some of the strategies in my classroom.

Using Brain Plasticity to help Children with Learning Disabilities

Did you read The Brain That Changes Itself: Sto­ries of Per­sonal Tri­umph from the Fron­tiers of Brain Sci­ence, the great book on neu­ro­plas­tic­ity by Nor­man Doidge? If  so, you will have heard about the Arrow­smith School/ Pro­gram, which was also one of the Top Ten Final­ists in 2010 Brain Fit­ness Inno­va­tion Awards.  The fol­low­ing is an excerpt from Brain School: Sto­ries of chil­dren with learn­ing dis­abil­i­ties and atten­tion dis­or­ders who changed their lives by improv­ing their cog­ni­tive func­tion­ing (Novem­ber 2010; $22), a new book from Eaton Arrow­smith School’s (EAS) founder and direc­tor, Howard Eaton.

It tells the story of how chil­dren with learn­ing dis­abil­i­ties (dyslexia, ADHD, etc.) can over­come edu­ca­tional obsta­cles by reor­ga­niz­ing their brains. An inspir­ing book about how cog­ni­tive pro­grams can result in both aca­d­e­mic and social success. 
From the Intro­duc­tion of Brain School

Nor­man Doidge, in his best­selling book about neu­ro­plas­tic­ity, The Brain That Changes Itself (New York: Viking Press, 2007), coined the term “the plas­tic para­dox.” That is, the brain has the abil­ity to change itself in both pos­i­tive and neg­a­tive ways. Neu­ro­plas­tic­ity does not nec­es­sar­ily mean that the change that is occur­ring is for the ben­e­fit of that indi­vid­ual or soci­ety. For exam­ple, some forms of behav­iour can become extremely debil­i­tat­ing, such as that seen in obsessive-compulsive dis­or­ders (ocds). For edu­ca­tors who work with chil­dren with dis­abil­i­ties, “the plas­tic para­dox” can hin­der their abil­ity to see new pos­si­bil­i­ties. For decades, their ideas have been firmly set that chil­dren who strug­gle with cog­ni­tive func­tion­ing weak­nesses will con­tinue to strug­gle through­out their lives. The children’s care­givers must give them all the sup­port they need to ensure they make it through school. Learned help­less­ness is the term used in the fields of edu­ca­tion and psy­chol­ogy to describe many chil­dren with learn­ing dif­fi­cul­ties. In fact, this learned help­less­ness does not have to be the case.

Brain School asks politi­cians, edu­ca­tional admin­is­tra­tors, psy­chol­o­gists, psy­chi­a­trists, fam­ily doc­tors, edu­ca­tors, par­ents, and oth­ers involved in edu­ca­tion to be open to the idea that cog­ni­tive func­tion­ing can improve and the brain can change. Many edu­ca­tors are not even aware of brain plas­tic­ity. In edu­ca­tion, the establishment’s com­mon under­stand­ing is that the brain is more or less fixed; that is what many of them learned at col­lege or uni­ver­sity. Per­haps they have not read the lat­est infor­ma­tion on brain plas­tic­ity and neu­ro­science. As a result, they keep prac­tic­ing the same instruc­tional reme­di­a­tion meth­ods for chil­dren with learn­ing dis­abil­i­ties as though they are the only options available.

I was much the same; it was not easy for me to accept that the brain is plas­tic. I clearly recall class­room dis­cus­sions about the brain dur­ing my under­grad­u­ate edu­ca­tion in psy­chol­ogy and then in my grad­u­ate pro­gram in spe­cial edu­ca­tion. The brain was fixed, unchange­able, hard-wired like a com­puter. My pro­fes­sors were crit­i­cal, almost mock­ingly so, of so-called rad­i­cal sci­en­tists dis­cussing the brain’s abil­ity to change. They acknowl­edged that there are some for­ma­tive years of brain devel­op­ment in early infancy, but that was it. This was my train­ing and back­ground. In fact, I co-wrote hand­books and pro­duced edu­ca­tional videos advis­ing par­ents and their chil­dren with learn­ing dis­abil­i­ties to accept their cog­ni­tive weak­nesses and view them in a pos­i­tive light.

Bar­bara Arrow­smith Young has been work­ing with brain plas­tic­ity for thirty years. Yet some edu­ca­tors dis­re­gard her pro­gram due to their inabil­ity or refusal to con­cep­tu­al­ize what she is doing. These edu­ca­tors are so focused on improv­ing skills such as spelling, read­ing, and writ­ing that they fail to see it is the brain’s cur­rent cog­ni­tive func­tion­ing that affects these behav­iours. As well, they do not see that chil­dren who fail in school are often deal­ing with more sig­nif­i­cant issues with rea­son­ing, mem­ory, audi­tory pro­cess­ing, visual-perceptual pro­cess­ing, visual-motor inte­gra­tion, and social-perception problems—all cog­ni­tive func­tion­ing weaknesses—and that these cog­ni­tive func­tions can be improved. Yet Arrow­smith Young has per­sisted and her results out­stand­ingly speak for them­selves. She is the first neu­ro­plas­ti­cian with oper­at­ing schools and licensed pro­grams in the field of edu­ca­tion in North America.

This is not to deny that many won­der­ful minds in edu­ca­tion and psy­chol­ogy have pro­vided major insights into learn­ing dis­abil­i­ties and atten­tion dis­or­ders. Nev­er­the­less, the notions that the brain can change inabil­ity or refusal to con­cep­tu­al­ize what she is doing. These edu­ca­tors are so focused on improv­ing skills such as spelling, read­ing, and writ­ing that they fail to see it is the brain’s cur­rent cog­ni­tive func­tion­ing that affects these behav­iours. As well, they do not see that chil­dren who fail in school are often deal­ing with more sig­nif­i­cant issues with rea­son­ing, mem­ory, audi­tory pro­cess­ing, visual-perceptual pro­cess­ing, visual-motor inte­gra­tion, and social-perception problems—all cog­ni­tive func­tion­ing weaknesses—and that these cog­ni­tive func­tions can be improved. Yet Arrow­smith Young has per­sisted and her results out­stand­ingly speak for them­selves. She is the first neu­ro­plas­ti­cian with oper­at­ing schools and licensed pro­grams in the field of edu­ca­tion in North America.

This is not to deny that many won­der­ful minds in edu­ca­tion and psy­chol­ogy have pro­vided major insights into learn­ing dis­abil­i­ties and atten­tion dis­or­ders. Nev­er­the­less, the notions that the brain can change itself and that cog­ni­tive inter­ven­tion meth­ods can be designed to improve cog­ni­tive func­tion­ing are rev­o­lu­tion­ary to many edu­ca­tion experts, who refuse to depart from their own entrenched neural path­ways. When a dra­matic change of thought is pre­sented they become uneasy and often dis­mis­sive, pre­fer­ring to stick to old ways of doing things. […]

There is no magic or quick fix for improv­ing cog­ni­tive func­tion­ing. It is dif­fi­cult and tir­ing work for the child with learn­ing and atten­tion dis­abil­i­ties; it takes resilience and dili­gence to improve. Neu­ro­plas­tic­ity does not occur with­out sig­nif­i­cant active engage­ment over a lengthy period. Not sur­pris­ingly, some crit­ics use this as a way to dis­miss this work. They say, “Why would you make chil­dren with learn­ing dis­abil­i­ties work so hard? They are already strug­gling enough.”
.
Opti­mal cog­ni­tive func­tion­ing reme­di­a­tion for a severe learn­ing dis­abil­ity, and in some cases an accom­pa­ny­ing atten­tion dis­or­der, can take three to four years in a full-time school envi­ron­ment, which will be shown in the sto­ries in Part II. Some of our most remark­able chil­dren per­sis­tently and repeat­edly worked on cog­ni­tive exer­cises in order to achieve their note­wor­thy accom­plish­ments and become hon­ours stu­dents after tran­si­tion to main­stream class­rooms. The Arrow­smith Program’s belief is that noth­ing is wrong with hard or tir­ing work if it has an impor­tant pur­pose. This is how many great minds devel­oped break­throughs in engi­neer­ing, physics, chem­istry, archi­tec­ture, lit­er­a­ture, music, math­e­mat­ics, med­i­cine, and other dis­ci­plines. They spent hours going over ideas and the­o­ries. Sim­i­lar to the body’s phys­i­cal train­ing, in order for the brain to become effi­cient at a par­tic­u­lar task or behav­iour, it must prac­tise it repeat­edly. Chil­dren with learn­ing dis­abil­i­ties and atten­tion dis­or­ders must stim­u­late and strengthen their brains’ abil­ity to learn with repeated cog­ni­tive exer­cises in order to over­come their neu­ro­log­i­cal weaknesses.

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